Fadhluzzakiyy, Kemas Ahmad, Munir Munir, and Nurlaila Nurlaila. 2025. “Islamic Education Reform In The Middle East: Tradition and Modernization in Education in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey ”. Al-Fikru: Jurnal Ilmiah 19 (1):24-40. https://doi.org/10.51672/alfikru.v19i11.674.